A few things to note:
1. Notice the prolific writing and mass nominations of Max Steiner, Victor Young, Alfred Newman and John Williams.
2. Just by submitting a score for nomination from 1937-1945, you could receive a nomination, hence the multiple double and regular nominees.
While it's not as rare as you think, here is a list of those double (or triple) occurrences throughout the Academy Awards history.
1936
The Charge of the Light Brigade – Max Steiner
The Garden of Allah – Max Steiner
1939
Army Girl – Victor Young
Breaking the Ice – Victor Young
1939
Dark Victory – Max Steiner
Gone with the Wind – Max Steiner
Gulliver's Travels – Victor Young
Golden Boy – Victor Young
Man of Conquest – Victor Young
The Rains Came – Alfred Newman
Wuthering Heights – Alfred Newman
The Hunchback of Notre Dame – Alfred Newman
1940
Arizona – Victor Young
The Dark Command – Victor Young
North West Mounted Police – Victor Young
1944
Since You Went Away - Max Steiner
Adventures of Mark Twain - Max Steiner
1941
**All That Money Can Buy – Bernard Herrmann** [WINNER]
Citizen Kane – Bernard Herrmann
Ball of Fire – Alfred Newman
How Green Was My Valley – Alfred Newman
Lydia – Miklós Rózsa
Sundown – Miklós Rózsa
Suspicion – Franz Waxman
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Franz Waxman
1942
I Married a Witch – Roy Webb
Joan of Paris – Roy Webb
Silver Queen – Victor Young
Take a Letter, Darling – Victor Young
1944
Double Indemnity – Miklós Rózsa
The Woman of the Town – Miklós Rózsa
1945
Spellbound - Miklós Rózsa
The Lost Weekend - Miklós Rózsa
A Song to Remember - Miklós Rózsa, Morris Stoloff
Captain Kidd - Werner Jansson
Guest in the House - Werner Jansson
1951
Death of a Salesman – Alex North
A Streetcar Named Desire – Alex North
1957
An Affair to Remember – Hugo Friedhofer
Boy on a Dolphin – Hugo Friedhofer
1972
Images – John Williams
The Poseidon Adventure – John Williams
1976
Obsession – Bernard Herrmann (posthumous nomination)
Taxi Driver – Bernard Herrmann (posthumous nomination)
1977
**Star Wars – John Williams** [WINNER]
Close Encounters of the Third Kind – John Williams
1984
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom – John Williams
The River – John Williams
1987
Empire of the Sun – John Williams
The Witches of Eastwick – John Williams
1989
Born on the Fourth of July – John Williams
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – John Williams
1994
Little Women – Thomas Newman
The Shawshank Redemption – Thomas Newman
1995
Apollo 13 – James Horner
Braveheart – James Horner
2001
A.I.: Artificial Intelligence – John Williams
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone – John Williams
2005
Memoirs of a Geisha – John Williams
Munich – John Williams
2011
The Adventures of Tintin – John Williams
War Horse – John Williams
2014
**The Grand Budapest Hotel – Alexandre Desplat** [WINNER]
The Imitation Game – Alexandre Desplat
Bonus:
Back through 1995-1998 the Academy split the music category to Dramatic Score and Musical/Comedy Score. There were a few times that a composer was nominated in both - but nobody walked away with a win in both.
1995
Nixon - John Williams (Dramatic)
Sabrina - John Williams (Comedy)
1997
Good Will Hunting - Danny Elfman (Dramatic)
Men in Black - Danny Elfman (Comedy)
1998
Pleasantville - Randy Newman (Dramatic)
A Bug's Life - Randy Newman (Comedy)
A Bug's Life - Randy Newman (Comedy)
The Thin Red Line - Hans Zimmer (Dramatic)
The Prince of Egypt - Hans Zimmer (Musical/Comedy)
Bonus x2:
From the 1940s to the 1980s, there was a separate category called Original Song Score and Adaptation. In 1974, two people were nominated in ALL three categories - Best Original Score, Best Song Score, Best Original Song.
John Williams -
Cinderella Liberty (Song "Nice to Be Around")
Cinderella Liberty (Dramatic Score)
Tom Sawyer (Original Song Score/Adaptation) [Shared with the Sherman Brothers]
Marvin Hamlisch -
The Way We Were (Song "The Way We Were")
The Way We Were (Dramatic Score)
The Sting (Original Song Score/Adaptation)
John Williams -
Cinderella Liberty (Song "Nice to Be Around")
Cinderella Liberty (Dramatic Score)
Tom Sawyer (Original Song Score/Adaptation) [Shared with the Sherman Brothers]
Marvin Hamlisch -
The Way We Were (Song "The Way We Were")
The Way We Were (Dramatic Score)
The Sting (Original Song Score/Adaptation)
And Marvin Hamlisch WON FOR ALL THREE.
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